课程文献中心 更多>>

关键词： Contingency management   Voucher-based reinforcement therapy   Cash-baled reinforcement   Cocaine   Substance abuse treatment  

摘要： The efficacy of contingency management (CM) for treating drug abuse is well supported. The most widely used form of CM is voucher-based reinforcement therapy (VBRT), where clients receive an escalating schedule of vouchers that can be redeemed for goods and services for meeting treatment goals. Though generally rejected due to concerns about potential harms to drug using participants, research suggests that cash may be a more effective reinforcer. This three-group randomized trial compared the efficacy of cash-based reinforcement therapy (CBRT) to VBRT and a non-CM condition on cocaine abstinence and treatment attendance;and examined whether CBRT resulted in greater levels of harm than VBRT. Findings indicated that the CBRT was as effective as VBRT when compared to the non-CM condition and that it did not increase rates of drug use, cravings, or high-risk behaviors. Future research should examine potential cost savings associated with a cash-based CM approach as this could have important implications for the wider adoption of the CM model. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： Early onset drug use   Contingency management   Cocaine   Outpatient treatment  

摘要： Early onset drug use is associated with increased risk of developing substance use disorders, but relatively little is known about the correlates of early drug use among adults receiving treatment. A retrospective analysis of a randomized study of contingency management treatment compared cocaine-dependent patients who reported initial cocaine use at age 14 or younger (n = 41) to those who began using after age 14 (n = 387). Patients with early onset cocaine use had more legal and psychiatric problems than those who initiated cocaine use later. Patients with early-onset cocaine use also dropped out of treatment sooner and achieved less sustained abstinence than those who began using at older ages, but the interaction between age of first use and treatment condition was not significant. Early-onset cocaine use is associated with persistent psychosocial problems and an overall poor response to treatment. However, contingency management is efficacious in improving outcomes in early onset cocaine users. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： project portfolio management   portfolio risk management   project risk management  

摘要： Project risk management aims at reducing the likelihood of project failure. To manage risk in project portfolios, research suggests adopting a perspective that is wider than the individual project risk. The results from a hierarchical multiple regression analysis on a sample of 177 project portfolios suggest that formal risk management at the project level and integration of risk information at the portfolio level are positively associated with overall project portfolio success. Simultaneous risk management at both levels increases this positive effect. Furthermore, risk management at the project level is more important for R&D-dominated project portfolios, whereas the integration of risk information is more important with high levels of turbulence and portfolio dynamics.

关键词： 国家中医药管理局   世界卫生组织总干事   计划生育委员会   王国强  

摘要： 2014年7月2日国家卫生和计划生育委员会副主任、国家中医药管理局局长王国强会见了世界卫生组织总干事陈冯富珍一行。

关键词： 高校   外事管理   专业化  

摘要： 随着我国高等教育工作的不断对外开放,高校外事活动数量逐步增多。高校对外交流工作发展面临的新形势给外事管理工作专业化水平提出了全新要求,为此,我们需要从优化外事管理制度、转变外事工作理念、提高外事工作者队伍整体素质等方面入手,不断提高高校外事管理工作的服务水平。

关键词： 高校   外事档案   管理   举措  

摘要： 高校外事档案是学校档案资源的一个重要组成部分,其内容能客观、真实地反映学校对外交流的全过程,对学校外事工作起到了资证和参考的作用。本文对高校外事档案的特点以及管理工作中值得注意的问题进行了分析,提出了做好高校外事档案管理工作的一些新举措。

关键词： Prize   Contingency management   Cigarette   Tobacco   Treatment efficacy  

摘要： Background: Adjunctive behavioral smoking cessation treatments have the potential to improve outcomes beyond standard care. The present study had two aims: (1) compare standard care (SC) for smoking (four weeks of brief counseling and monitoring) to SC plus prize-based contingency management (CM), involving the chance to earn prizes on days with demonstrated smoking abstinence (carbon monoxide (CO) <= 6 ppm);and (2) compare the relative efficacy of two prize reinforcement schedules one a traditional CM schedule, and the second an early enhanced CM schedule providing greater reinforcement magnitude in the initial week of treatment but equal overall reinforcement. Methods: Participants (N=81 nicotine-dependent cigarette smokers) were randomly assigned to one of the three conditions. Results: Prize CM resulted in significant reductions in cigarette smoking relative to SC. These reductions were not apparent at follow-up. We found no meaningful differences between the traditional and enhanced CM conditions. Conclusions: Our findings reveal that prize CM leads to significant reductions in smoking during treatment relative to a control intervention, but the benefits did not extend long-term. (C) 2014 Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.

关键词： 高校   外事管理工作   国际交流与合作  

摘要： 高校外事工作不仅是高等院校推进国际交流沟通的纽带,也是高等院校吸收国外先进教学经验和管理方法的主要渠道与平台。笔者结合高校外事管理工作的内容,分析我国高校外事管理工作中存在的问题,并针对这些问题提出了做好高校外事管理工作的相关建议。在新形势的要求下,高校必须改进管理方式,创新工作理念,加强人才建设,建立高素质的外事干部队伍,以求更高水平地发挥外事管理工作的效能。

关键词： Smoking   Contingency management   Community setting   Cognitive-behavioral treatment   Nicotine dependence  

摘要： Background: Contingency management (CM) is an efficacious intervention for reducing cigarette smoking. However, CM is rarely adopted as a smoking cessation treatment in the community. This study analyzed the effectiveness of a CM procedure in combination with a cognitive-behavioral treatment (CBT) for smoking cessation among treatment-seeking patients from the general population. Methods: A total of 92 patients were randomly assigned to one of two treatment conditions: CBT (N = 49) or CBT+CM (N = 43). The CM procedure included a voucher program through which nicotine abstinence was reinforced on a schedule of escalating magnitude of reinforcement with a reset contingency. Self-reported smoking status was confirmed with both carbon monoxide (CO) level in expired air and cotinine levels in urine. Results: Of the patients who received CBT + CM 97.7%, completed 6 weeks of treatment, versus 81.6% of those who received CBT (p=.03). At the post-treatment assessment, 95.3% of the patients assigned to the CBT + CM condition achieved abstinence in comparison to the 59.2% in the CBT group (p=.000). At the one-month follow-up, 72.1% of the patients who received CBT+CM maintained smoking abstinence, versus 34.7% in the CBT group (p=.001). At the six-month follow-up, 51.2% of the patients who received CBT + CM maintained smoking abstinence in comparison to the 28.6% in the CBT group (p=.04). Conclusions: Results from this randomized clinical trial showed that adding CM to a CBT is effective, and is feasible as an intervention approach with treatment-seeking patients in a community setting. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Delayed gratification   Contingency management   Men who have sex with men   Methamphetamine   Opiates  

摘要： This prospective analysis tested whether frequency of voucher redemptions during a contingency management (CM) substance use intervention was significantly associated with participants' ongoing substance use. Homeless, substance-dependent men who have sex with men (N = 131) were randomized into either a "full" or "lite" voucher-based CM intervention. All participants earned vouchers for attendance and participation;participants in the CM-full condition also received vouchers for substance abstinence and enactment of prosocial and/or health-promoting behaviors. Multivariate longitudinal negative binomial regression analyses (n = 118) assessed the association between substance use during the intervention and frequency of voucher redemptions. Participants who used methamphetamine (IRR = 0.66;95% CI = 0.44-0.99) and/or opiates (IRA = 0.60;95% CI = 0.40-0.99) during the intervention exhibited less time between voucher redemptions than individuals who achieved abstinence from these substances. Voucher redemption logs can be cost-effective and unobtrusive tools for measuring study participants' tendency to delay gratification. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.