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关键词： Cigarette smoking   Exercise   Contingency management   Smoking cessation   Temporal discounting  

摘要： Background: Both contingency management (CM) and exercise have shown promise as smoking cessation treatments, but their combined effects have not been evaluated. The present study evaluated whether CM (in which motivational incentives are provided for abstinence) plus exercise reduced smoking more than either component alone. Method: In a within-subjects design, 20 smokers were exposed to exercise plus CM, exercise plus CM-control (non-contingent incentives), inactivity plus CM, and inactivity plus CM-control. Results: CM increased latencies to smoke and decreased total puffs (Mdns = 39.6 mm and .8 puffs, respectively) relative to CM-control (Mdns = 2.5 min and 12.8 puffs). Exercise decreased craving relative to baseline for craving based on both the pleasurable consequences of smoking (D= -10.7 on a 100-point visual analog scale) and anticipated relief from withdrawal (D = -5.9), whereas inactivity increased both components of craving (Ds = 7.6 and 3.5). Exercise had no effect on smoking or a measure of temporal discounting. Conclusions: Although exercise decreased craving, it did not affect smoking behavior. Exercise plus CM was not more effective than CM alone. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： cognitive-behavioral therapy   contingency management   cannabis use disorder   Adolescent   treatment  

摘要： Background: This study was performed to investigate the efficacy of a voucher-based reinforcement therapy (VBRT) rewarding drug-free urine for adolescents with cannabis use disorder. Methods: A controlled 10-week study where 59 adolescents aged 14-18years were assigned by cohorts into groups of either an integrated cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and VBRT or CBT with attendance-based reward program. Substance use was monitored by twice-weekly urinalysis. Other measures were collected at pre- and posttreatment and at 3-month follow-up. Results: There was no significant difference in the linear change between conditions for cannabis use either from Sessions 1 to 10 or between end-of-treatment to 3-month follow-up. Also, self-efficacy and coping response did not show improvement during treatment. Conclusions: In this study, the addition of contingency management (CM) to CBT in youth was not found to be more efficacious than similar compensation rewarding attendance only. Continued examination of the efficacy of CM and its interaction with the associated mechanisms of behavior change of CBT in youth is necessary. Examination of the effect of the magnitude of the reward as well as considering the emotional and cognitive developmental differences from adults is warranted.

关键词： 外事管理人员   素质指标   问卷调查分析   了解重要指标   提高管理能力  

摘要： 目的:通过对目前外事管理人员所需素质的研究,总结出外事管理人员素质的侧重点,以便外事部门领导有目标地通过辅导、培训等方式提高外事管理人员的水平。方法:以17个指标为基准,设计了问卷调查,调查了6所高校的外事工作从业人员,对回收的有效问卷108张进行了统计分析。结果:在108位外事管理人员的理解中,所有的指标重要性都在一般以上。通过数据分析研究,得出8个比较重要的指标以及9个一般重要指标。在总计17个指标中语言能力、交际能力、服务态度、敬业、中外文化了解能力、应变与处理能力、组织能力、道德8项素质的重要程度在比较重要以上,其余9项指标的重要性处于一般至比较重要之间。结论:问卷调查揭示了外事管理人员素质的重要指标,为外事部门了解高校外事管理人员的能力需求提供了有力数据,以利于提高外事管理人员工作能力。

关键词： 精神科   意外事件   护理   危机管理  

摘要： 目的探讨减少精神科意外事件发生的危机管理对策。方法对185例意外事件的分类、发生方式以及相关原因进行分析。结果精神科意外事件发生的高危因素频率依次为外走8l例（43．78％），外伤63例（34．05％），自伤19例（10．27％），噎食14例（7．57％），自缢8例（4．32％）。较严重的意外事件为自缢和噎食，噎食最容易造成严重后果，其中3例噎食患者因抢救无效死亡。结论加强危机管理意识的培训，防范意外事件的危机管理，做好身心兼治的心理护理，重视环境和设施安全，可以减少意外事件的发生。

关键词： 医学社团   外事管理   实践与思考  

摘要： 随着中国综合国力提升和国际地位崛起,医学卫生领域国际合作交流日益频繁和活跃,医学社团协会作为学术性机构在其中发挥了积极的促进和推动作用,医学社团协会的外事管理工作的重要性也日益凸显.“外事管理”是管理活动的一个重要领域,是外事依据国家的方针政策来指导、规范、处理涉外领域的事务和问题.医学社团协会的外事管理工作作为民间外交工作之一,也是开展中国特色民间外交的重要组成.民间外交是我国整体外交的重要组成部分,可以在服务国家总体外交中发挥积极作用并在推动中国与世界各国相互理解方面发挥着独特作用.鉴于笔者现在中华医学会从事外事管理工作,仅以中华医学会对外交流业务出发探讨在医学领域外事工作的管理和实践,以期为各位同仁提供参考.本文拟通过对中华医学会的对外交流实践和典型案例进行分析,以期为完善医学社团协会的外事管理提供一些建议.

关键词： Catastrophic disruptions   Contingency strategy   Reconfigurable supplier   Congestion   Response speed  

摘要： Contingency rerouting is known as a cost-effective risk management strategy for major disruptions such as earthquakes and natural disasters. The objective of this paper is to develop a decision-making tool to determine the appropriate response speed of a volume-flexible backup supplier to improve the supply chain responsiveness. We propose a mixed integer programming (MIP)-based capacity planning tool which generates the contingency plan of the supply chain subject to random disruptions. In order to make an accurate decision, the impact of critical operational characteristics such as response time and congestion are considered in a disruption scenario. The appropriate response speed is selected through a decision tree analysis by minimizing the expected supply chain costs. The selection is made with respect to three different attitudes of the decision maker towards risk. In order to evaluate the impact of the different failure and recovery probabilities over the selection process, a sensitivity analysis is presented. The results show that considering congestion is especially critical for risk-neutral decision makers in mitigating against disruptions. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： 应用英语专业   工作过程   课程体系  

摘要： 该文在分析高职应用英语专业课程设置现状的基础上,结合工学结合思想和世界高职课程发展方向,开展基于工作过程的高职应用英语专业课程体系的设计和研究。

关键词： Transdermal alcohol monitoring   Contingency management   Excessive alcohol use  

摘要： Background: Research on contingency management to treat excessive alcohol use is limited due to feasibility issues with monitoring adherence. This study examined the effectiveness of using transdermal alcohol monitoring as a continuous measure of alcohol use to implement financial contingencies to reduce heavy drinking. Methods: Twenty-six male and female drinkers (from 21 to 39 years old) were recruited from the community. Participants were randomly assigned to one of the two treatment sequences. Sequence 1 received 4 weeks of no financial contingency (i.e., $0) drinking followed by 4 weeks each of $25 and then $50 contingency management;Sequence 2 received 4 weeks of $25 contingency management followed by 4 weeks each of no contingency (i.e., $0) and then $50 contingency management. During the $25 and $50 contingency management conditions, participants were paid each week when the Secure Continuous Remote Alcohol Monitor (SCRAM-II (TM)) identified no heavy drinking days. Results: Participants in both contingency management conditions had fewer drinking episodes and reduced frequencies of heavy drinking compared to the $0 condition. Participants randomized to Sequence 2 (receiving $25 contingency before the $0 condition) exhibited less frequent drinking and less heavy drinking in the $0 condition compared to participants from Sequence 1. Conclusions: Transdermal alcohol monitoring can be used to implement contingency management programs to reduce excessive alcohol consumption. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Contingency management   incentives   meta-analysis   prize-based   substance abuse treatment   substance use disorder  

摘要： Aim To review randomized controlled trials to assess efficacy of a prize-based contingency management procedure in reducing substance use (where a drug-free breath or urine sample provides a chance of winning a prize). Methods A meta-analysis was conducted on papers published from January 2000 to February 2013 to determine the effect size of studies comparing prize-based contingency management to a treatment-as-usual control condition (k = 19 studies). Parallel analyses evaluated the efficacy of both short-(k = nine studies) and long-term outcomes (k = six studies) of prize-based contingency management. Results The average end-of-treatment effect size (Cohen's d) was 0.46 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.37, 0.54]. This effect size decreased at the short-term (<= 3-month) post-intervention follow-up to 0.33 (95% CI = 0.12, 0.54) and at the 6-month follow-up time-point there was no detectable effect [d = -0.09 (95% CI = -0.28, 0.10)]. Conclusion Adding prize-based contingency management to behavioral support for substance use disorders can increase short-term abstinence, but the effect does not appear to persist to 6 months.

关键词： 国家中医药管理局   计划生育委员会   卫生部   马来西亚   王国强   医药界   局长   负责人  

摘要： ★8月7日国家卫生和计划生育委员会副主任、国家中医药管理局局长王国强会见香港中医药界访京团。于文明副局长、相关司室负责人陪同会见。★8月14日国家卫生和计划生育委员会副主任、国家中医药管理局局长王国强在京会见马来西亚卫生部部长苏布拉马尼亚姆一行。