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关键词： Irritable Bowel Syndrome   behavioural treatment   stress management   contingency management  

摘要： Forty patients with irritable bowel syndrome were assigned at random to four treatment conditions (two experimental groups: training in stress management and training in contingency management;and two control groups: medical treatment and placebo). In each of the groups (N = 10), care was taken to ensure that half the cases were suitable for training in stress management due to the respondent nature of the illness in these cases and the other half suitable for training in contingency management due to the operant nature of their problem. The patients underwent six individual sessions of specific treatment according to the condition. All of the subjects completed symptom-monitoring diaries. In the post-treatment, a MANOVA of mixed factorial design was carried out to analyse the interaction between the suitability of the patient and the type of treatment for the global value of the symptomatology and for each symptom. The results showed that statistically significant changes occurred depending on the interaction between suitability-treatment p < 0.1) and on the type of treatment (p < 0.05). The clinical changes recorded by the gastroenterologist were maintained after a year. An analysis is made of the behavioural predictors of the resolution of the patients according to suitability and the type of treatment. Copyright (c) 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

关键词： CONTINGENCY theory (Management)   BRAINSTORMING   DECISION making   GROUP problem solving   LATERAL thinking   CREATIVE thinking  

摘要： The article discusses contingency management. In an ever-changing world, it is essential to have proactive plans for management in any circumstances. Information is key: gathering intelligence on competitors can help companies prepare for the unexpected. Both qualitative approaches, like brainstorming, team work, using expert opinions and scenario building, and qualitative approaches, including statistical modeling, can be effective in anticipating future problems and opportunities. The modern climate of global instability and global markets makes contingency planning more vital than ever.

关键词： 国家中医药管理局   2006年   外事工作   烟草控制框架公约   学术交流活动   医疗卫生体制   国际合作  

摘要： ★11月3日组织专家评审中医药国际科技合作项目； ★11月5日-16日 房书亭副局长等八人赴台湾海峡两岸中医药学术交流活动； ★11月5—8日 我局派代表出席在澳门召开的第五届三地卫生高层联席会议，三地代表就三地突发公共卫生时间应急合作协议执行情况、履行烟草控制框架公约的情况、医疗卫生体制建设、发展城市社区卫生服务、中医药在防病治病的作用及医院管理等议题做了具体的讨论和经验交流。

关键词： METHAMPHETAMINE   AMPHETAMINE abuse   DRUG abuse   SUBSTANCE abuse   DRUGS of abuse   DRUG therapy  

摘要： Objective: Theory and some preliminary evidence suggest that contingency management may be an effective treatment strategy or adjunct to psychosocial treatment for methamphetamine use disorders. An experimentally rigorous investigation on the topic was provided by a large multisite trial conducted under the auspices of the Clinical Trials Network of the National Institute on Drug Abuse. Method: The authors report data on 113 participants who were diagnosed with methamphetamine abuse or dependence. They were randomly assigned to receive 12 weeks of either treatment as usual or treatment as usual plus contingency management. Urine samples were tested for illicit drugs, and breath samples were tested for alcohol. The reinforcers for drug-negative samples were plastic chips, some of which could be exchanged for prizes. The number of plastic chips drawn increased with each week of negative samples but was reset to one after a missed or positive sample. Results: The participants in both groups remained in treatment for equivalent times, but those receiving contingency management in addition to usual treatment submitted significantly more negative samples, and they were abstinent for a longer period of time (5 versus 3 weeks). Conclusions: These results suggest that contingency management has promise as a component in treatment strategies for methamphetamine use disorder.

关键词： contingency management   meta-analysis   substance abuse treatment  

摘要： Aims : To examine the effectiveness of contingency management (CM) techniques in treating substance use disorders (i.e. illicit drugs, alcohol, tobacco). Design :Meta-analysis was used to determine the average effect size and potential moderators in 47 comparisons of the effectiveness of CM from studies based on a treatment-control group design and published between 1970 and 2002. Findings: The mean effect size (ES) of CM was positive, with a magnitude of d = 0.42 using a fixed effects model. The magnitude of the ES declined over time, following treatment. CM was more effective in treating opiate use (d = 0.65) and cocaine use (d = 0.66), compared with tobacco (d = 0.31) or multiple drugs (d = 0.42). Larger effect sizes were associated with higher researcher involvement, earlier studies and shorter treatment duration. Conclusion : Study findings suggest that CM is among the more effective approaches to promoting abstinence during the treatment of substance use disorders. CM improves the ability of clients to remain abstinent, thereby allowing them to take fuller advantage of other clinical treatment components.

关键词： Contingency management   Gay and bisexual men   HIV   Methamphetamine  

摘要： The Positive Reinforcement Opportunity Project (PROP) was a pilot program developed to build on the efficacy of contingency management (CM) using positive reinforcement to address the treatment needs of gay and bisexual men currently using crystal methamphetamines (meth). It was hypothesized that a version of CM could be implemented in San Francisco that was less costly than traditional treatment methods and reached gay and other MSM using meth who also engaged in highrisk sexual activity. Of the 178 men who participated in PROP from December 2003 to December 2005, many self-reported behaviors for acquiring and spreading sexually transmitted diseases including HIV infection. During the initial intake, 73% reported high-risk sexual behavior in the prior three months, with 60% reporting anal receptive and/or insertive sex without condoms. This report describes the implementation of PROP and suggest both its limitations and potential strengths. Initial findings suggest that PROP was a useful and low cost substance use treatment option that resulted in a 35% 90-day completion rate, which is similar to graduation rates from traditional, more costly treatment options. Further evaluation of the limited data from three- and six-month follow-up of those who completed PROP is currently ongoing. © 2006 Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.

关键词： METHAMPHETAMINE abuse   METHAMPHETAMINE   COCAINE abuse   DRUG abuse  

摘要： The results that Roll and colleagues report are based on a subset of data collected in a multisite trial supporting the effectiveness of contingency management for outpatient treatment of psychomotor stimulant use disorders in eight community outpatient drug abuse treatment clinics (2). The larger multisite trial from which the data of Roll et al. were obtained was conducted to examine whether similarly positive treatment outcomes would be obtained when the treatment was delivered in community drug abuse treatment clinics, where the patient population can be expected to be more heterogeneous than is typical of efficacy trials and the setting less conducive to rigorous experimental control (2). Theory and some preliminary evidence suggest that contingency management may be an effective treatment strategy or adjunct to psychosocial treatment for methamphetamine use disorders. An experimentally rigorous investigation on the topic was provided by a large multisite trial conducted under the auspices of the Clinical Trials Network of the National Institute on Drug Abuse. The authors report data on 113 participants who were diagnosed with methamphetamine abuse or dependence. They were randomly assigned to receive 12 weeks of either treatment as usual or treatment as usual plus contingency management. Urine samples were tested for illicit drugs, and breath samples were tested for alcohol. The reinforcers for drug-negative samples were plastic chips, some of which could be exchanged for prizes. The number of plastic chips drawn increased with each week of negative samples but was reset to one after a missed or positive sample. The participants in both groups remained in treatment for equivalent times, but those receiving contingency management in addition to usual treatment submitted significantly more negative samples, and they were abstinent for a longer period of time (5 versus 3 weeks). These results suggest that contingency management has promise as a component in treat

关键词： contingency management   gay and bisexual men   HIV   methamphetamine  

摘要： The Positive Reinforcement Opportunity Project (PROP) was a pilot program developed to build on the efficacy of contingency management (CM) using positive reinforcement to address the treatment needs of gay and bisexual men currently using crystal methamphetamines (meth). It was hypothesized that a version of CM could be implemented in San Francisco that was less costly than traditional treatment methods and reached gay and other MSM using meth who also engaged in high-risk sexual activity. Of the 178 men who participated in PROP from December 2003 to December 2005, many self-reported behaviors for acquiring and spreading sexually transmitted diseases including HIV infection. During the initial intake, 73% reported high-risk sexual behavior in the prior three months, with 60% reporting anal receptive and/or insertive sex without condoms. This report describes the implementation of PROP and suggest both its limitations and potential strengths. Initial findings suggest that PROP was a useful and low cost substance use treatment option that resulted in a 35% 90-day completion rate, which is similar to graduation rates from traditional, more costly treatment options. Further evaluation of the limited data from three- and six-month follow-up of those who completed PROP is currently ongoing.

关键词： Behavior Therapy/methods*   Behavior, Addictive/therapy*   Humans   Motivation   Substance-Related Disorders/therapy   Substance-Related Disorders/therapy  

摘要： The article presents an analysis of a contingency management technique, a behavioral science based reinforcement approach for treating addiction. It provides a perspective on the overall efficacy and examines potential moderators of contingency management efficacy with increasing patient success rates. It summarizes the series of published meta-analyses and multi-site clinical trial as a clinical technique that strengthens evidence-based clinical practice.

关键词： 外事档案   管理  

摘要： 高等院校的外事工作是高校对外交往的窗口和国际交流的枢纽,而作为高校对外交流和合作真实记录的外事档案工作也将越来越发挥着重要作用。